B\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc h\u1ebft c\u00e2u n\u00e0y, ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 19.000 b\u1ed3n t\u1eafm. Trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, th\u1ec3 t\u00edch b\u00ea t\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00edch c\u1ee1 \u0110\u1eadp Tam Hi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, s\u1ed1 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng m\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u00f3c ng\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. <\/span><\/p>\n Trong danh s\u00e1ch v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, b\u00ea t\u00f4ng x\u1ebfp ngay sau n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p xi m\u0103ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ea3 th\u1ea3i carbon nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi 2,8 t\u1ef7 t\u1ea5n, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau Trung Hoa v\u00e0 M\u1ef9.<\/span><\/p>\n B\u00ea t\u00f4ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 m\u00e1i che ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n may m\u1eafn c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf, l\u00e0 l\u1edbp l\u00e1 ch\u1eafn nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi c\u01a1n th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu: y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, giao th\u00f4ng, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/span><\/p>\n B\u00ea t\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ta thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hoang d\u1ea1i. L\u00e0 l\u1edbp gi\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c, b\u1ecbt nh\u1eefng con s\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn cho sinh v\u1eadt; b\u00ea t\u00f4ng s\u1edbm tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang r\u1eafn l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u1ea3y x\u00e1m x\u1ecbt ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t H\u00e0nh tinh Xanh.<\/p>\n Theo t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3, nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon trong b\u00ea t\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1ed5ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t carbon c\u00f3 trong th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta x\u00e2y n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1eb9 Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m nay m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n T\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ef1a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong su\u1ed1t 60 n\u0103m qua l\u00e0 8 t\u1ef7 t\u1ea5n, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p xi m\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n th\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 trong c\u00f3 2 n\u0103m. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng nan gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 r\u00e1c th\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a, \u0111a s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn xem nh\u1eb9 n\u00f3. B\u00ea t\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng len l\u1ecfi v\u00e0o d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y c\u00e1 voi hay g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00e1c b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft b\u00ea t\u00f4ng trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng th\u00e2m s\u00e2u h\u01a1n ta t\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a b\u00ea t\u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi an t\u00e2m m\u00e0 d\u1ef1a d\u1eabm. N\u00f3 v\u1eeba n\u1eb7ng, v\u1eeba b\u1ec1n ch\u1eafc, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y n\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ee9c t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 gh\u00ea g\u1edbm c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u00ea t\u00f4ng v\u1edbi th\u00e9p, ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 gi\u00fap gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eefng ch\u00e3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi mu\u00f4n n\u01a1i.<\/p>\n B\u00ea t\u00f4ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n m\u00e0 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u00f9, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 l\u1ea7n; nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean l\u00ean g\u1ea5p v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n. L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 hai tr\u1eadn l\u1ee5t t\u1ea1i New Orleans sau c\u01a1n b\u00e3o Katrina, t\u1ea1i Houston sau c\u01a1n b\u00e3o Harvey: h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 h\u01a1n b\u1edfi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm, kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng n\u1ed5i b\u00e3i b\u1ed3i s\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu.<\/p>\n B\u00ea t\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m kh\u00ed h\u1eadu t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n. Theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Chatham House, n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i, th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u00ea t\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb 4-8% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng CO2 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba th\u1ee9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1eb7t b\u00ea t\u00f4ng trong b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 than, d\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1t v\u00e0 x\u0103ng. M\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 CO2 th\u1ea3i ra trong l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 4-8% k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean t\u1edbi t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t clinker (Vi\u1ec7t Nam ta c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 clanhke), \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ed1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t trong quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m xi m\u0103ng.<\/p>\n X\u1ea3 th\u1ea3i CO2 th\u00ec d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u r\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u00ea t\u00f4ng th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. B\u00ea t\u00f4ng l\u00e0 con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt quanh n\u0103m kh\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc, chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 1\/10 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau, b\u1edfi 75% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0nh xi m\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec1u quanh qu\u1ea9n \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n.<\/p>\n T\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn, b\u00ea t\u00f4ng h\u1ea5p thu nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, gi\u1eef kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9; ch\u00ed \u00edt, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1eabn th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n B\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn b\u1ec7nh b\u1ee5i ph\u1ed5i do h\u00edt ph\u1ea3i silic t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p n\u00f3i chung. B\u1ee5i t\u1eeb m\u1ecf \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y xi m\u0103ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd, c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn xe, chuy\u1ebfn ph\u00e0 ch\u1edf v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. Nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec7n n\u00f3i t\u1edbi ph\u00e0, vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1t v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 t\u1edbi l\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n, gi\u1edd l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u \u0111au l\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a b\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u. \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng, ta ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p g\u00ec thay th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh h\u1ecdc v\u1ed1n c\u00f3; m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t c\u0103n chung c\u01b0 m\u1ecdc l\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea5t khu v\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i k\u00e9m m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 \u0111i, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u0169 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecdng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n sau c\u01a1n m\u01b0a l\u1edbn, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n sinh oxy gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat, n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m s\u1ea1ch tr\u1edf n\u00ean khan hi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n B\u00ea t\u00f4ng k\u00e9o n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi tr\u1eddi cao, t\u1edbi t\u1eadn 163 t\u1ea7ng nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Burj Khalifa, t\u1ea1o ra n\u01a1i \u1edf gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng trung. Ti\u1ec7n tay, b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u0169ng k\u00e9o lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh th\u1ea3i ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean cao n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 \u1edf, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t b\u1edfi b\u00e0n tay l\u1ea1nh ng\u1eaft c\u1ee7a b\u00ea t\u00f4ng. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tin r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c, th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p x\u1ea3 kh\u00f3i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i, th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng khu nh\u00e0 \u1edf xa hoa.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd Pantheon v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3 t\u1ea1i Rome l\u00e0 hai v\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1t, s\u1ecfi, n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00f4i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u00f2 nung. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1824, Joseph Aspdin xin c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i xi m\u0103ng m\u1edbi, th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o\u201d v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Sau n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u00ea t\u00f4ng gia c\u1ed1, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cao th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Empire State.<\/p>\n Sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9 hai, khi m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 b\u1edfi bom \u0111\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn tranh, b\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea3y th\u00e0nh s\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 tay ph\u00e1 m\u1ea5t. N\u0103m 1950, s\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xi m\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e9p; k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xi m\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n th\u00eam 25 l\u1ea7n, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1ea5p 3 l\u1ea7n th\u00e9p.<\/p>\n Thu\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ecb l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea1n c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t. Th\u1eddi gian th\u1ea5m tho\u1eaft tr\u00f4i, b\u00ea t\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Huy\u1ebft qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 s\u1edf thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi nay \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a b\u00ea t\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9t ng\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a b\u00ea t\u00f4ng. Trong th\u1eddi gian h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng b\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc: nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u si\u00eau t\u1ed1c xuy\u00ean h\u1ea7m d\u00e0i, nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn c\u1eaft ngang qua nh\u1eefng khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 \u1edf, \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, trung t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 thao, s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi cho Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i Olympics 1964.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n, ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafp m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ea t\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Dogs and Demons, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Alex Kerr \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u n\u0103m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn \u201cg\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf l\u00ean kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai, s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i cho t\u1edbi ao h\u1ed3 – v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cao b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t, nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u Alex Kerr thu th\u1eadp, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ea t\u00f4ng trong m\u1ed7i m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt cao g\u1ea5p 30 l\u1ea7n M\u1ef9. \u201cTa \u0111ang n\u00f3i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 b\u1eb1ng California, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eafp l\u00ean s\u1ed1 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9\u201d.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n t\u00f4n vinh v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c lo ng\u1ea1i cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ng\u00f3 l\u01a1. L\u1edbp b\u00ea t\u00f4ng x\u00e1m x\u1ecbt \u0111ang \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1edbp l\u00e1 ch\u1eafn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean: ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n ng\u0103n m\u00e1i \u1ea5m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda k\u00e9p n\u0103m 2011 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng b\u1edd t\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eafn s\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i Ishinomaki, Kamaishi v\u00e0 Kitakami b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i ph\u00fat, 16.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng, h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1eb7c h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 n\u00ean th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ven bi\u1ec3n gi\u1edd ng\u1eadp t\u00e0u b\u00e8 tr\u00f4i v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n r\u00fat kinh nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng \u2026 m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0y h\u01a1n, cao h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5m b\u00ea t\u00f4ng cao 12 m\u00e9t s\u1ebd ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean: h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i th\u1ea5y b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ee5c ng\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 sau v\u00e0i ph\u00fat ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ven bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd h\u1ecd ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1m \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m ng\u0103n ng\u01b0\u1eddi con mi\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng bao la.<\/p>\n \u201cB\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u00f9 t\u00fang cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0a ai l\u00e0m g\u00ec sai tr\u00e1i c\u1ea3\u201d, ng\u01b0 d\u00e2n Atsushi Fujita n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Reuters.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1ch ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi mi\u1ec1n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. B\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed nh\u01b0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd trung b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. GDP cho th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00f4 c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00f5 s\u0129 \u0111\u1eafp th\u00eam c\u01a1 b\u1eafp l\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng khi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eefng ch\u00e3i, b\u00ea t\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 thu\u1ed1c t\u0103ng l\u1ef1c b\u01a1m v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng tu\u1ed5i, l\u1ee3i b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 30 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Roosevelt, h\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u00ea t\u00f4ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t, t\u00ednh t\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1eadp Hoover s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 c\u1ee7a 1997-1998, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Keynes khuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea1o ra t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u201c\u0111\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u1ed7 l\u1edbn, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y b\u00ea t\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ed1 c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, b\u00ea t\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t g\u1eafn k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai v\u00ed d\u1ee5 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 c\u1ecfn con khi \u0111em so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c – c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa tr\u1ed9n b\u00ea t\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh ch\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t: t\u00ednh t\u1eeb 2003, c\u1ee9 3 n\u0103m th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ea t\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng con s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.<\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y nay, Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c cho t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec7n nghi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, c\u1ea7u c\u1ed1ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, Trung Qu\u1ed1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi m\u1ed1c \u201c\u0111\u1ed5 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u1ee3i\u201d. R\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t Trung Hoa l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u1edd ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cs\u1ee7ng \u00e1i\u201d: s\u00e2n bay kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u1edf L\u1eef L\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 5 chuy\u1ebfn\/ng\u00e0y, s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5 chim \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1m mang t\u00ednh k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac b\u1ecf hoang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u1ef9 quan th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1t ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3. C\u1ee9 x\u00e2y th\u00eam, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1n b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ed1t th\u00e9p, l\u1ea1i th\u1ea3i th\u00eam r\u00e1c th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng Yu Kongjian, m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 l\u1edbn c\u00f2n b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean: \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm d\u1ee5ng, su\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ecdc b\u1edbt ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea9n, r\u1eebng c\u00e2y ng\u1eadp m\u1eb7n ch\u1eafn s\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, r\u1eebng ch\u1ed1ng x\u00f3i m\u00f2n mai m\u1ed9t d\u1ea7n \u0111i.<\/p>\n \u00d4ng Yu g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1edbi \u201cb\u1ea3o m\u1eadt sinh th\u00e1i\u201d. Ch\u00ednh anh l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c b\u00ea t\u00f4ng, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf k\u00eau g\u1ecdi x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c b\u00e3i b\u1ed3i s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Sinh t\u1ed3n (The Art of Survival, \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean cu\u1ed1n Binh ph\u00e1p T\u00f4n t\u1eed n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi), Yu ch\u1ec9 ra: \u201cQu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ta \u0111ang theo trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t vong\u201d.<\/p>\n Yu c\u00f3 xin \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia l\u1edbn, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn ra t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1edbi t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n: 55 tri\u1ec7u nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, n\u1ebfu c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m b\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh s\u1ebd b\u1ed7ng m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n M\u1ed1i nguy \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Indonesia v\u1eeba b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ea t\u00f4ng. Trong 40 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1edbn tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con dao hai l\u01b0\u1ee1i:<\/p>\n L\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i: l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n b\u00ea t\u00f4ng s\u1ebd che \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbp b\u00f9n, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vaclav Smil \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh b\u1ec7nh k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea ngh\u00e8o gi\u1ea3m t\u1edbi 80% khi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00ea t\u00f4ng tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt k\u00fd sinh.<\/p>\n L\u01b0\u1ee1i dao c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1eaft th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea5t M\u1eb9. M\u1ed7i t\u1ea3ng b\u00ea t\u00f4ng m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch l\u00e1t cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i.<\/p>\n Chatham House \u0111\u01b0a ra \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh: v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a, m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xi m\u0103ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u s\u1ebd t\u0103ng t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 4-5 t\u1ef7 t\u1ea5n\/n\u0103m. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trung b\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea3i ra th\u00eam 470 giga-t\u1ea5n carbon dioxide v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2050.<\/p>\n H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea3 th\u1ea3i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd vi ph\u1ea1m hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00ed h\u1eadu Paris m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 chung tay k\u00fd k\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i carbon h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/p>\n nghi\u1ec7p xi m\u0103ng ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng 16% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2030. Khi m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t s\u1ebd l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n Trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m ngo\u00e1i, Chatham House k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xi m\u0103ng: gi\u1ea3m kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, t\u00ecm ra v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thay th\u1ebf clanhke v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef kh\u00ed carbon (y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf, \u0111ang trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u1edf quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn).<\/p>\n C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 tin r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u1ecf \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ed7 thay th\u1ebf b\u00ea t\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fac nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1n ra kh\u1ecfi \u201ck\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean b\u00ea t\u00f4ng\u201d, d\u1eebng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 m\u00e0 h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy ch\u00fang mang l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n \u201cB\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ecdi nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e0m suy tho\u00e1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Anthony Thistleton n\u00f3i trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Architects Journal. \u201cCh\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i\u201d.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thay th\u1ebf. Th\u00e9p, nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m v\u1eefa l\u1ee3p c\u00f2n ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng. Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1eebng \u0111ang ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t suy gi\u1ea3m, \u0111\u00e2u ra g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thay th\u1ebf?<\/p>\n Phil Purnell, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Leeds cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u201cb\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m\u201d \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n Anh Purnell \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eadp b\u1ecf b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u0111a s\u1ed1 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng th\u1eeba s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eadp n\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh kh\u1ed1i. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i b\u00ea t\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf. C\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a anh Purnell t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Leeds c\u0169ng \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng m\u1edbi th\u1ea3i \u00edt carbon h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n T\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi, t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1edbi c\u0169ng s\u1ebd v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ta kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m nay tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n b\u00ea t\u00f4ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Khi hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1i n\u1ec1n b\u00ea t\u00f4ng kia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00e0o ta s\u1ebd t\u1ec9nh ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n Tham kh\u1ea3o The Guardian, Reuters, NY Times, ChathamHouse<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n![\"B\u00ea](\"https:\/\/favorite-news.com\/vi\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/07\/1563139949_222_Be-tong-vat-lieu-dang-bao-boc-chung-ta.png\" "\\"B\u00ea")
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n![\"http:\/\/cafef.vn\/\"](\"https:\/\/favorite-news.com\/vi\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/07\/1563139949_442_Be-tong-vat-lieu-dang-bao-boc-chung-ta.png\" "\\"http:\/\/cafef.vn\/\\"")
![\"http:\/\/cafef.vn\/\"](\"https:\/\/favorite-news.com\/vi\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/07\/Be-tong-vat-lieu-dang-bao-boc-chung-ta.jpg\" "\\"http:\/\/cafef.vn\/\\"")
![\"B\u00ea](\"https:\/\/favorite-news.com\/vi\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/07\/1563139950_6_Be-tong-vat-lieu-dang-bao-boc-chung-ta.png\" "\\"B\u00ea")
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n![\"B\u00ea](\"https:\/\/favorite-news.com\/vi\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/07\/1563139951_138_Be-tong-vat-lieu-dang-bao-boc-chung-ta.png\" "\\"B\u00ea")
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n![\"B\u00ea](\"https:\/\/favorite-news.com\/vi\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/07\/1563139951_961_Be-tong-vat-lieu-dang-bao-boc-chung-ta.png\" "\\"B\u00ea")
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n![\"B\u00ea](\"https:\/\/favorite-news.com\/vi\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/07\/1563139951_267_Be-tong-vat-lieu-dang-bao-boc-chung-ta.jpg\" "\\"B\u00ea")
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n![\"B\u00ea](\"https:\/\/favorite-news.com\/vi\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/07\/1563139952_31_Be-tong-vat-lieu-dang-bao-boc-chung-ta.png\" "\\"B\u00ea")
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n![\"B\u00ea](\"https:\/\/favorite-news.com\/vi\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/07\/1563139952_167_Be-tong-vat-lieu-dang-bao-boc-chung-ta.png\" "\\"B\u00ea")
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n![\"B\u00ea](\"https:\/\/favorite-news.com\/vi\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2019\/07\/1563139953_210_Be-tong-vat-lieu-dang-bao-boc-chung-ta.png\" "\\"B\u00ea")
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n